Memahami Patofisiologi dan Aspek Klinis Syok Hipovolemik: Update dan Penyegar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v2i3.167Abstract
Abstrak
Secara patofisiologis syok merupakan gangguan hemodinamik yang menyebabkan tidak adekuatnya hantaran oksigen dan perfusi jaringan. Gangguan hemodinamik tersebut dapat berupa penurunan tahanan vaskuler sitemik terutama di arteri, berkurangnya darah balik, penurunan pengisian ventrikel dan sangat kecilnya curah jantung. Gangguan faktor-faktor tersebut disbabkan oleh bermacam-macam proses baik primer pada sistim kardiovaskuler, neurologis ataupun imunologis. Diantara berbagai penyebab syok tersebut, penurunan hebat volume plasma intravaskuler merupakan faktor penyebab utama. Terjadinya penurunan hebat volume intravaskuler dapat terjadi akibat perdarahan atau dehidrasi berat, sehingga menyebabkan yang balik ke jantung berkurang dan curah jantungpun menurun. Penurunan hebat curah jantung menyebabkan hantaran oksigen dan perfusi jaringan tidak optimal dan akhirnya menyebabkan syok. Pada tahap awal dengan perdarahan kurang dari 10%, gejala klinis dapat belum terlihat karena adanya mekanisme kompensasi sisitim kardiovaskuler dan saraf otonom. Baru pada kehilangan darah mulai 15% gejala dan tanda klinis mulai terlihat berupa peningkatan frekuensi nafas, jantung atau nadi (takikardi), pengisian nadi yang lemah, penurunan tekanan nadi, kulit pucat dan dingin, pengisian kapiler yang lambat dan produksi urin berkurang. Perubahan tekanan darah sistolik lebih lambat terjadi akibat adanya mekanisme kompensasi tadi, sehingga pemeriksaan klinis yang seksama harus dilakukan.
Kata kunci: syok, hipovolemik dan patofisiologi
Abstract
Shock is hemodynamic disorders, which causes inadequate oxygen delivery and perfusion. The hemodynamic disorders can be decreasing of systemic vascular resistant, venous return, ventricular filling and inadequate of cardiac output. The disorders are caused by cardiovascular dysfunction, neurologic or immunologic factors. Intravascular volume loss is one of the main factors, which is caused by severe dehydration or bleeding. These conditions lead to decreasing of venous return and cardiac output that cause inadequate oxygen delivery and perfusion. The homeostatic defence mechanism can compensate the cardiovascular function with the blood loss up to 10%. The clinical symptoms appears when the blood loss 15%, such as tachypnoea, tachycardia, weak of pulse, decreasing of mean arterial pressure, skin pale and cold, decreasing refilling capillary and urine production. Due to the compensation mechanism, alteration of systolic blood pressure is relatively late; therefore, thorough and complete clinical assessment is necessary.
Keywords: shock, hypovolemic and pathophysiology
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