Kriptokokal meningitis: Aspek klinis dan diagnosis laboratorium
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v1i1.7Abstract
Abstrak Kriptokokosis merupakan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh jamur Cryptococcus neoformans, infeksi ini secara luas ditemukan di dunia dan umumya dialami oleh penderita dengan sistem imun yang rendah. Munculan klinis terutama adalah meningitis dan meningoensefalitis yang dikenal dengan kriptokokal meningitis. Sejalan dengan infeksi HIV yang menjadi pandemi, kriptokokosis sebagai infeksi oportunistik juga semakin berkembang di dunia. Kriptokokal meningitis merupakan infeksi oportunistik kedua paling umum yang terkait dengan AIDS di Afrika dan Asia Selatan dengan kejadian kriptokokosis 15%-30% ditemukan pada pasien dengan AIDS. Tanpa pengobatan dengan antifungal yang spesifik, mortalitas dilaporkan 100% dalam dua minggu setelah munculan klinis kriptokokosis dengan meningoensefalitis pada populasi terinfeksi HIV. Di Indonesia, sebelum pandemi AIDS kasus kriptokokosis jarang dilaporkan. Sejak tahun 2004, seiring dengan pertambahan pasien terinfeksi HIV, Departemen Parasitologi FKUI mencatat peningkatan insidensi kriptokokal meningitis pada penderita AIDS yaitu sebesar 21,9%. Faktor yang terkait dengan virulensi Cryptococcus neoformans adalah adanya kapsul polisakarida, produksi melanin dan sifat thermotolerance. Imunitas yang dimediasi oleh sel memiliki peranan penting dalam pertahanan pejamu terhadap Cryptococcus. Pemeriksaan laboratorium penunjang untuk diagnosis adalah pemeriksaan mikroskopis langsung menggunakan tinta India, deteksi antigen, metode enzyme immunoassay, kultur, dan metode molekular. Kata kunci: kriptokokal meningitis, Cryptococcus neoformans,infeksi oportunistik Abstract Cryptococcosis is an infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, that is widely found worldwide and generally experienced by patients with immunodeficiency. Meningitis and meningoencephalitis is the major clinical symptoms in cryptococcal meningitis. Coincide with the pandemic of HIV infection, cryptococcosis as an opportunistic infection is also growing in the world. Cryptococcal meningitis is the second most common opportunistic infection associated with AIDS in Africa and South Asia with the incidence of cryptococcosis is 15% -30% found in patients with AIDS. Without specific antifungal treatment, 100% mortality reported within two weeks after clinical cryptococcosis with meningoencephalitis in HIV-infected population. In Indonesia, before the AIDS pandemic, cryptococcosis cases are rarely reported. Since 2004, by the increasing HIV-infected patients. Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, Indonesian University also reported an increase incidence of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients that is about 21.9%. Associated factors with virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans is the polysaccharide capsule, melanin production and thermotolerance. Cell-mediated immunity has an important role in host defense against Cryptococcus. Laboratory tests for cryptococcosis diagnosis is direct microscopic examination using India ink, antigen detection, enzyme immunoassay, culture, and molecular methods. Keywords: cryptococcal meningitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, opportunistic infectionDownloads
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